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1 Overview of Programming and Problem Solving1

1.1 Overview of Programming2

How DO We Write a Program?2

1.2 What is a Programming Language?6

1.3 What is a Computer?11

1.4 Problem-Solving Thchniques14

Ask Questions15

Look For Things That Are Familiar15

Solve by Analogy15

Means-Ends Analysis16

Divide and Conquer17

The Building-Block Approach18

Merging Solutions18

Merging Soutions18

Mental Blocks:The Fear of Starting19

Algorithmic Problem Solving19

Summary20

Quick Check21

Exam Preparation Exercises21

Programming Warm-up Exercises23

2 C+++Syntax and Semantics,and the Program Development Process25

2.1 The Elements of C+++Programs26

Syntax and Semantics28

Syntax Templates30

Naming Program Elements:ldentifiers32

Data and Data Types33

The char Data Type34

The string Data Type34

Naming Elements:Declarations35

Taking Action:Executable Statements40

2.2 Program Construction45

Blocks(Compound Statements)47

The C+++Preprocessor49

2.3 More About Output52

Creating Blanks Lines52

lnserting Blanks Within a Line53

Programming Example54

Testing and Debugging59

Summary60

Quick Check60

Exam Preapration Exercises62

Programming Warm-Up Exercises64

Programming pROBLEMS66

Programming Example Follow-Up67

3 Numeric Types,Expressions,and Output70

Intergral Types70

Floating-Point Types71

3.2 Declarations for Numeric Types71

Named Constant Declarations72

Variable Declarations73

3.3 Simple Arithmertic Expressions73

Arithmetic Operators73

lncrement and Decrement Operators76

3.4 Compound Arithmetic Expressions77

preccedence Rules77

Type Coercion and Type Casting79

3.5 Function Calls and Library Functions82

Value-Retuning Functions82

Library Functions84

Void Functions85

3.6 Formatting the Output86

3.7 Additional string Operations92

The length and size Functions92

The find Function94

The substr Function95

Programming Example97

Testing and Debugging100

Summary100

Quick Check101

Exam Preparation Exercises102

Programming Warm-Up Exercises104

Programming Problems105

Programming Example Follow-Up107

Using Files122

An Example Program Using Files125

Run-Time lnput of File Names127

4.5 lnput Failure128

4.6 Software Design Methodologies130

4.7 What Are Objects131

4.8 Object-Oriented Design132

4.9 Functional Decomposition133

Modules135

Programming Example137

Testing and Debugging141

Testing and Debugging Hints142

Summary143

Exam Preparation Exercises144

Programming Warm-Up Exercises147

Programming Problems149

Programming Example Follow-Up151

5 Conditions,Logical Expressions,and Selection Control Structures153

5.1 Flow of Control154

Selction155

5.2 Conditions and Logical Expressions155

The bool Date Type156

Logrcal Expressions156

Preccdence of Operators163

Relational Operators with Floating-Point Types164

5.3 The lf Statement165

The lf-Then-Else Statement165

Blocks(Compound Statements)168

The lf-Then Statement169

A Common Mistake170

5.4 Nested lf Statements171

The Dangling ELSE174

5.5 Testing the State of an l/O System175

Programming Example177

Testing and Debugging182

Testing in the Problem-Solving phase:The Algorithm Walk-Through182

Testing in the Implementation Phase185

Tests Performed Automatically During Compilation and Execution189

Summary191

Quick Check191

Exam Preparation Exercises192

Programming Warm-Up Exercises194

Programming problems196

Programming Example Follow-Up199

6 Looping201

6.1 The While Statement202

6.2 Phases of Loop Execution203

6.3 Loops Using the While Statement204

Count-Controlled Loops204

Event-Controlled Loops205

Looping Subtasks209

6.4 How to Desigh Loops211

Designing the Flow of Control212

Designing the Process Within the loop213

The Loop Exit213

6.5 Nested Logic214

Designing Nested Loops215

Programming Example216

Testing and Debugging224

Loop-Testing Strategy224

Testing and Debugging Hints225

Summary226

Quick Check227

Exam Preparation Exercises228

Programming Warm-Up Exercises231

Programming Problems233

Programming Example Follow Up236

7 Functions237

7.1 Functional Decomposition with Void Functions238

Writing Modules as Void Functions238

7.2 An Overview of User-Defined Functions241

Flow of Control in Function Calls242

Function Parameters242

7.3 Synatx and Semantics of Void Functions244

Function Call(Invocation)244

Function Declarations and Definitions244

Local Variables246

The Reburn Statement247

Header Files248

7.4 Parameters249

Value Parameters249

Reference Parameters251

Matching Arguments With Parameters251

7.5 Designing Functions254

Writing Assertions as Program Comments256

Documenting the Dierction of Date Flow257

Programming Example260

Testing and Debugging264

The assert Library Function265

Testing and Debugging Hints267

Summary268

Quick Check268

Exam Preparation Exercises269

Programming Warm-Up Exercises271

Programming Problems273

Programming Example Follow-Up277

8 Scope,Lifetime,and More on Functions279

8.1 Scope of ldentifiers280

Scope Rules282

Variable Declarations and Derinitions285

Namespaces286

8.2 Lifetime of a Variable289

lnitializations in Declarations290

8.3 Interface Design291

Side Effects291

Global Constants293

8.4 Value-Returning Functions293

Boolean Functions296

Interface Design and Side Effects298

When to Use Value-Returning Functions298

Programming Example300

Testing and Debugging307

Stubs and Drivers308

Testing and Debugging Hints308

Summary309

Quick Check310

Exam Preparation Exercises311

Programming Warm-Up Exercises313

Programming Problems315

Programming Example Follow-Up318

9 Additional Control Structures319

9.1 The Switch Statement320

9.2 The Do-While Statement324

9.3 The For Statement325

9.4 The Break and Continue Statements329

9.5 Guidelines for Choosing a Looping Statement332

Programming Example333

Testing and Debugging338

Testing and Debugging Hints338

Summary339

Quick Check339

Exam Preparation Exercises340

Programming Warm-Up Exercises342

Programming Problems343

Programming Example Follow-Up346

10 Simple Data Types:Bult-ln and User-Defined347

10.1 Built-in Simple Types348

Integral Types350

Floating-Poing Tyers351

10.2 Additional C+++Operators352

Assignment Operators and Assignment Expressions354

Increment and Decrement Operators354

Bitwise Operators355

The Cast Operation356

The sizeof Operator356

The?:Operator357

Operator Precedence357

10.3 Working With Character Data359

Character Sets359

C+++Char Constants360

Programming Techniques361

10.4 More on Floating-Point Numbers367

Representation of Floating-Point Hnmbers368

Arithmetic with Floating-point Numbers370

10.5 User-Defined Simple Types373

The Typedef Statement373

Enumeration Types373

Named and Anonymous Data Types379

User-Written Header Files379

10.6 More on Type Coercion380

Type Coercion in Arithmetic and Relational Expressions381

Type Coercion in Assignments,Araument Passing,and Return of a Functional Value382

Programming Example383

Testing and Debugging390

Floating-Point Data390

Coping with lnput Errors391

Testing and Debugging Hints391

Summary392

Quick Check393

Exam Preparation Exercises394

Programming Warm-Up Excrcises395

Programming Problems396

Programming Example Follow-Up399

11 Structured Types,Data Abstraction,and Classes401

11.1 Structured Data Types402

11.2 Records(Structs)403

Accessing Individual Components405

Aggregate Operations on Structs406

Hierarchical Records408

11.3 Unions410

11.4 Data Abstraction411

11.5 Abstract Data Types411

11.6 C+++Classes414

Class,Class Objects,and Class Members416

Built-in Operations on Class Objects416

Class Scope419

Information Hiding419

11.7 Specification and Implementation Files421

The Specification File421

The Implementation File423

Complilng and Linking a Multifile Program428

11.8 Guaranteed Initialization with Class Constructors430

Invoking a Constructor431

Revised Specification and Implementation Filles for Time432

Guiedlines for Using Class Constructors436

Programming Example437

Testing and Debugging444

Testing and Debugging Hints447

Summary448

Quick Check449

Exam Preparation Exercises450

Programming Warm-Up Exercises452

Programming Problems453

Programming Example Follow-Up456

12 Arrays457

12.1 One-Dimensional Arrays458

Declaring Arrays460

Accessing lndividual Components460

Out-of-Bounds Array lndexes462

lnitializing Arrays in Declarations464

Examples of Declaring and Accessing Arrays464

Passing Arrays as Arguments469

Assertions About Arrays471

Using Typedef with Arrays471

12.2 Arrays of Records and Objects471

Arrays of Records472

Arrays of Class Objects473

12.3 Special Kinds of Array Processing474

Subarray Processing474

linedxes with Semantic Content475

12.4 Two-Dimensional Arrays475

12.5 Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays478

Sum the Rows479

Sum the Columns481

lnitialize the Array481

Print the Array483

12.6 Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays as Arguments484

12.7 Another Way of Defining Two-Dimensional Arrays486

12.8 Multidemensional Arrays488

Programming Example491

Testing and Debugging498

One-Dimensional Arrays498

Multidimensional Arrays499

Testing and Debugging Hints500

Summary501

Quick Check502

Exam Preparation Exercises503

Programming Warm-Up Exercises506

Programming Problems508

Programming Example Follow-Up510

13 Array-Based LISTS511

13.1 The List as an Abstract Data Type512

13.2 Unsorted Lists519

Basic Operations519

lnsertion and Deletion522

Sequential Search523

lterators526

Sorting529

13.3 Sorted Lists531

Basic Operations534

lnsertion534

Sequential Search537

Binary Search537

Deletion543

13.4 Understanding Character Strings544

lntializing C Strings547

C String lnput and Output547

C String Library Routines550

Programming Example552

Testing and Debugging559

Testing and Debugging Hints560

Summary560

Quick Check561

Exam Preparation Exercises561

Programming Warm-Up Exercises562

Programming Problems564

Programming Example Follow-Up565

14 Object-Oriented Software Developement567

14.1 Object-Oriented Programming568

14.2 Objects568

14.3 lINHERITANCE573

Deriving One Class from Another574

Specification of the ExtTime Class576

lmplemnetation of the ExtTime Class579

Avoiding Multiple lnclusion of Header Files583

14.4 Composition584

Design of and Entry Class584

Constructor lnitializer590

14.5 Dynamic Binding and Vitual Functions591

The Slicing Problem592

Virtual Functions594

14.6 Object-Oriented Desgn596

Step1:ldentify the Objects and Operations596

Step2:Determine the Relationships Among Objects597

Step3:Design the Driver597

14.7 lmplementing the Design597

Programming Example598

Testing and Debugging608

Testing and Debugging Hints609

Summaryt610

Quick Check610

Exam Preparation Exercises611

Programming Warm-Up Exercises614

Programming Problems616

Programming Example Follow-Up618

15 Recursion619

15.1 What is Recursion620

15.2 Recursive Algorithms with Sample Variables625

15.3 Towers of Hanoi626

15.4 Recursive Algorthms with Structured Variables631

15.5 Recursion or lteration?632

Testing and Debugging634

Testing and Debugging Hints634

Summary635

Quick Check635

Exam Preparation Exercises635

Programming Warm-Up Exercises637

Programming Problems640

Glossary643

Answers to Selected Exercises651

Appendices683

Inedx705