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Introduction1

About the Second Edition1

Who Should Use This Book?2

What This Book Will Do for You2

Software Necessary to Use This Book3

How This Book Is Organized3

Part Ⅰ：The Big Picture3

Part Ⅱ：Testing Fundamentals4

Part Ⅲ：Applying Your Testing Skills4

Part Ⅳ：Supplementing Your Testing5

Part Ⅴ：Working with Test Documentation5

Part Ⅵ：The Future5

Appendix6

Conventions Used in This Book6

Part Ⅰ The Big Picture9

1 Software Testing Background9

Infamous Software Error Case Studies9

Disney's Lion King,1994-199510

Intel Pentium Floating-Point Division Bug,199410

NASA Mars Polar Lander,199911

Patriot Missile Defense System,199112

The Y2K(Year 2000)Bug,circa 197412

Dangerous Viewing Ahead,200413

What Is a Bug?13

Terms for Software Failures13

Software Bug:A Formal Definition14

Why Do Bugs Occur?16

The Cost of Bugs18

What Exactly Does a Software Tester Do?19

What Makes a Good Software Tester?20

Summary21

Quiz22

2 The Software Development Process23

Product Components23

What Effort Goes Into a Software Product?24

What Parts Make UP a Software Product?28

Software Proiect Staff29

Software Development Lifecycle Models30

Big-Bang Model31

Code-and-Fix Model32

Waterfall Model33

Spiral Model34

Summary36

Quiz36

3 The Realities of Software Testing37

Testing Axioms38

It's Impossible to Test a Program Completely38

Software Testing Is a Risk-Based Exercise39

Testing Can't Show That Bugs Don't Exist40

The More Bugs You Find,the More Bugs There Are41

The Pesticide Paradox41

Not All the Bugs You Find Will Be Fixed42

When a Bug's a Bug Is Difficult to Say43

Product Specifications Are Never Final44

Software Testers Aren't the Most Popular Members of a ProjectTeam45

Software Testing Is a Disciplined Technical Profession45

SoftwareTestingTerms andDefinitions46

Precision and Accuracy46

Verification and Validation47

Quality and Reliability48

Testing and Quality Assurance(QA)48

Summary49

Quiz49

Part Ⅱ Testing Fundamentals53

4 Examining the Specification53

Getting Started53

Black-Box and White-Box Testing55

Static and Dynamic Testing56

Static Black-Box Testing:Testing the Specification56

Performing a High-Level Review of the Specification57

Pretend to Be the Customer57

Research Existing Standards and Guidelines58

Review and Test Similar Software59

Low-Level Specification Test Techniques60

Specification Attributes Checklist60

Specification Terminology Checklist61

Summary61

Quiz62

5 Testing the Software with Blinders On63

Dynamic Black-Box Testing:Testing the Software While Blindfolded64

Test-to-Pass and Test-to-Fail66

Equivalence Partitioning67

Data Testing70

Boundary Conditions70

Sub-Boundary Conditions75

Default,Empty,Blank,Null,Zero,and None77

Invalid,Wrong,Incorrect,and Garbage Data78

State Testing79

Testing the Software's Logic Flow80

Testing States to Fail84

Other Black-Box Test Techniques87

Behave Like a Dumb User87

Look for Bugs Where You've Already Found Them88

Think like a Hacker88

Follow Experience,Intuition,and Hunches88

Summary89

Quiz89

6 Examining the Code91

Static White-Box Testing:Examining the Design and Code91

Formal Reviews92

Peer Reviews94

Walkthroughs95

Inspections95

Coding Standards and Guidelines96

Examples of Programming Standards and Guidelines96

Obtaining Standards98

Generic Code Review Checklist99

Data Reference Errors99

Data Declaration Errors100

Computation Errors101

Comparison Errors101

Control Flow Errors102

Subroutine Parameter Errors102

Input/Output Errors102

Other Checks103

Summary103

Quiz104

7 Testing the Software with X-Ray Glasses105

Dynamic White-Box Testing106

Dynamic White-Box Testing Versus Debugging107

Testing the Pieces108

Unit and Integration Testing109

An Example of Module Testing111

Data Coverage113

Data Flow114

Sub-Boundaries115

Formulas and Equations115

Error Forcing116

Code Coverage117

Program Statement and Line Coverage118

Branch Coverage119

Condition Coverage120

Summary121

Quiz122

Part Ⅲ Applying Your Testing Skills125

8 Configuration Testing125

An Overview of Configuration Testing126

Isolating Configuration Bugs129

Sizing Up the Job131

Approaching the Task132

Decide the Types of Hardware You'll Need133

Decide What Hardware Brands,Models,and Device Drivers Are Available133

Decide Which Hardware Features,Modes,and Options Are Possible134

Pare Down the Identified Hardware Configurations to a Manageable Set134

Identify Your Software's Unique Features That Work with the Hardware Configurations135

Design the Test Cases to Run on Each Configuration136

Execute the Tests on Each Configuration137

Rerun the Tests Until the Results Satisfy Your Team137

Obtaining the Hardware137

Identifying Hardware Standards139

Configuration Testing Other Hardware139

Summary140

Quiz140

9 Compatibility Testing141

Compatibility Testing Overview142

Platform and Application Versions143

Backward and Forward Compatibility144

The hnpact ofTesting Multiple Versions144

Standards and Guidelines146

High-Level Standards and Guidelines147

Low-Level Standards and Guidelines148

Data Sharing Compatibility148

Summary150

Quiz151

10 Foreign-Language Testing153

Making the Words and Pictures Make Sense154

Translation Issues154

Text Expansion155

ASCII,DBCS,and Unicode155

Hot Keys and Shortcuts156

Extended Characters157

Computations on Characters158

Reading Left to Right and Rightto Left158

Text in Graphics159

Keep the Text out of the Code159

Localization Issues160

Content160

Data Formats162

Configuration and Compatibility Issues163

Foreign Platform Configurations163

Data Compatibility165

How Much Should You Test?166

Summary167

Quiz168

11 Usability Testing169

User Interface Testing170

What Makes a Good UI?170

Follows Standards and Guidelines171

Intuitive173

Consistent173

Flexible175

Comfortable176

Correct176

Useful178

Testing for the Disabled:Accessibility Testing178

Legal Requirements179

Accessibility Features in Software180

Summary182

Quiz182

12 Testing the Documentation183

Types of Software Documentation183

The Importance of Documentation Testing187

What to Look for When Reviewing Documentation188

The Realities of Documentation Testing189

Summary190

Quiz190

13 Testing for Software Security193

WarGames—the Movie194

Understanding the Motivation195

Threat Modeling197

Is Software Security a Feature?Is Security Vulnerability a Bug?200

Understanding the Buffer Overrun201

Using Safe String Functions203

Computer Forensics205

Summary208

Quiz209

14 Website Testing211

Web Page Fundamentals212

Black-Box Testing213

Text215

Hyperlinks216

Graphics217

Forms217

Objects and Other Simple Miscellaneous Functionality218

Gray-Box Testing218

White-Box Testing220

Configuration and Compatibility Testing222

Usability Testing224

Introducing Automation226

Summary227

Quiz227

Part Ⅳ Supplementing Your Testing231

15 Automated Testing and Test Tools231

The Benefits of Automation and Tools231

Test Tools233

Viewers and Monitors234

Drivers235

Stubs236

Stress and Load Tools237

Interference Injectors and Noise Generators238

Analysis Tools239

Software Test Automation239

Macro Recording and Playback240

Programmed Macros242

Fully Programmable Automated Testing Tools243

Random Testing:Monkeys and Gorillas245

Dumb Monkeys246

Semi-Smart Monkeys248

Smart Monkeys248

Realities of Using Test Tools and Automation250

Summary251

Quiz252

16 Bug Bashes and Beta Testing253

Having Other People Test Your Software253

Test Sharing255

Beta Testing256

Outsourcing Your Testing258

Summary259

Quiz259

Part Ⅴ Working with Test Documentation263

17 Planning Your Test Effort263

The Goal of Test Planning264

Test Planning Topics265

High-Level Expectations265

People,Places,and Things266

Definitions267

Inter-Group Responsibilities268

What Will and Won't Be Tested270

Test Phases270

Test Strategy271

Resource Requirements271

Tester Assignments272

Test Schedule272

Test Cases274

Bug Reporting274

Metrics and Statistics274

Risks and Issues275

Summary275

Quiz275

18 Writing and Tracking Test Cases277

The Goals of Test Case Planning277

Test Case Planning Overview279

Test Design281

TestCases283

Test Procedures285

Test Case Organization and Tracking287

Summary289

Quiz290

19 Reporting What You Find291

Getting Your Bugs Fixed292

Isolating and Reproducing Bugs296

Not All Bugs Are Created Equal298

A Bug's Life Cycle300

Bug-Tracking Systems303

The Standard:The Test Incident Report303

Manual Bug Reporting and Tracking304

Automated Bug Reporting and Tracking306

Summary310

Quiz311

20 Measuring Your Success313

Using the Information in the Bug Tracking Database314

Metrics That You'll Use in Your Daily Testing315

Common Project-Level Metrics320

Summary325

Quiz326

Part Ⅵ The Future329

21 Software Quality Assurance329

Quality Is Free330

Testing and Quality Assurance in the Workplace331

Software Testing331

Quality Assurance333

Other Names for Software Testing Groups334

Test Management and Organizational Structures335

Capability Maturity Model(CMM)337

ISO 9000339

Summary342

Quiz342

22 Your Career as a Software Tester343

Your Job as a Software Tester344

Finding a Software Testing Position345

Gaining Hands-On Experience346

Formal Training Opportunities348

Websites349

Professional Organizations Dedicated to Software or Software Quality350

Further Reading350

Summary352

Quiz353

Appendix355

A Answers to Quiz Questions355

Chapter 1355

Chapter 2356

Chapter 3357

Chapter 4358

Chapter 5359

Chapter 6361

Chapter 7362

Chapter 8364

Chapter 9365

Chapter 10366

Chapter 11367

Chapter 12368

Chapter 13368

Chapter 14369

Chapter 15370

Chapter 16371

Chapter 17372

Chapter 18373

Chapter 19373

Chapter 20375

Chapter 21375

Chapter 22376

Index377