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中文部分3

第一章　药理学实验的基本知识和技术3

一、药理学实验课的目的和要求3

二、实验动物的捉持和给药方法3

实验1.1 小鼠的捉持和给药方法3

实验1.2 大鼠的捉持和给药方法5

实验1.3 家兔的捉持和给药方法6

【附】豚鼠的捉持和给药方法7

实验1.4 狗的捉持和给药方法8

三、常用实验动物的麻醉8

四、实验动物的取血方法11

第二章　药理学总论的实验18

一、药物对机体（病原体）的作用18

实验2.1 药物的局部作用和全身作用18

实验2.2 药物的间接作用19

二、机体对药物的作用20

实验2.3 溴磺酞钠的药代动力学参数估算20

实验2.4 药物血浆蛋白结合率测定21

三、影响药物作用的因素22

实验2.5 影响药物作用的因素23

一、剂型对药物作用的影响23

二、给药途径对药物作用的影响23

三、肝脏功能状态对药物作用的影响24

第三章　中枢神经系统药物实验26

一、全身麻醉药实验27

实验3.1 挥发性液体麻醉药活性测定27

二、镇静催眠实验28

实验3.2 巴比妥类药物作用的比较28

实验3.3 镇静催眠药的协同作用和对抗中枢兴奋药的作用29

实验3.4 药物对动物自发活动的影响30

三、抗癫痫药和抗惊厥药实验31

实验3.5 药物的抗电惊厥作用31

实验3.6 药物对抗中枢兴奋药惊厥的作用32

四、抗精神失常药实验33

实验3.7 氯丙嗪的安定作用33

实验3.8 氯丙嗪对小鼠基础代谢的影响34

实验3.9A 药物的镇痛作用（热板法）35

实验3.9B 药物的镇痛作用（化学刺激法）37

五、中枢兴奋药实验37

实验3.10 士的宁和印防己毒素惊厥类型及作用部位的比较37

实验3.11 尼可刹米对抗吗啡的呼吸抑制作用39

实验3.12 尼莫地平对小鼠获得记忆的促进作用40

第四章　传出神经系统药物实验42

实验4.1 传出神经药物对麻醉犬血压、肠蠕动和腺体分泌的影响42

实验4.2 药物对离体兔主动脉条的作用45

实验4.3 药物对离体肠管的作用45

实验4.4 药物对在体豚鼠下腹神经输精管的作用46

实验4.5　有机磷药物中毒及解救48

实验4.6 普鲁卡因和丁卡因表面麻醉作用的比较49

第五章　内脏系统药物实验51

一、治疗心功能不全药物实验51

实验5.1 强心苷对离体心脏的作用（八木氏蛙心灌流法）52

实验5.2 药物对离体乳头肌收缩舒张性能的影响54

实验5.3 药物对大鼠左心功能与血流动力学的影响56

实验5.4 心阻抗法测定药物对心脏泵血功能的影响59

二、抗心律失常药实验62

实验5.5 奎尼丁拮抗乌头碱诱发大鼠心律失常的作用62

实验5.6 药物对家兔电致室颤阈的影响63

实验5.7 利多卡因对氯化钡诱发心律失常的治疗作用65

实验5.8 利多卡因对哇巴因引起心律失常的对抗作用66

实验5.9 药物抑制大鼠缺血-再灌注心律失常的作用67

实验5.10 药物对离体心房肌有效不应期和收缩力的影响68

三、抗心肌缺血药实验70

实验5.11 结扎兔冠状动脉引起的心肌梗死71

实验5.12 药物对离体豚鼠心脏心肌收缩力和冠状流量的影响72

实验5.13 硝基四氮唑蓝染色法测量心肌梗死范围74

实验5.14 丹参注射液对垂体后叶素致兔心肌缺血的作用75

实验5.15　血脂测定法76

四、抗高血压药物实验79

实验5.16 六烃季铵降压作用机理的分析80

实验5.17 离体兔耳血管灌流81

实验5.18 大鼠肾动脉狭窄性高血压模型制备83

五、利尿药和脱水药实验84

实验5.19 呋塞米和高渗葡萄糖对家兔的利尿作用85

实验5.20　氢氯噻嗪对大鼠的利尿作用87

实验5.21 尿液中钠、钾和氯离子的含量测定89

六、镇咳药、祛痰药和平喘药实验91

实验5.22 可待因对小鼠氨水引咳的镇咳作用92

实验5.23 可待因对电刺激猫喉上神经引咳的镇咳作用94

实验5.24 远志煎剂对小鼠气管酚红排泌量的影响96

实验5.25 氨茶碱对豚鼠组胺-乙酰胆碱引喘的平喘作用97

实验5.26 药物对豚鼠离体气管的作用98

七、消化系统药物实验100

实验5.27 药物对胃肠道蠕动的影响101

实验5.28 药物对实验性胃溃疡的防治作用102

实验5.29 去氢胆酸对大鼠的利胆作用103

八、促凝血药和抗凝血药实验104

实验5.30 药物的体外抗凝血作用105

实验5.31 药物的促凝血作用106

九、抗血小板药107

实验5.32 血小板黏附性测定法108

实验5.33 血小板凝集性测定法109

实验5.34 动静脉旁路血栓形成实验111

实验5.35 血小板生成血栓烷TXA2的生物检定112

实验5.36　苯海拉明对组胺的竞争性拮抗作用及pA2值114

第六章　抗炎药物实验118

实验6.1 氢化可的松对小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性的影响118

实验6.2 吲哚美辛对小鼠巴豆油耳肿胀的影响119

实验6.3 吲哚美辛对角叉菜胶诱发大鼠足跖肿胀的影响120

实验6.4　地塞米松对大鼠肉芽肿的影响121

实验6.5 药物对实验性胸膜炎的影响122

实验6.6 药物对免疫性炎症的影响122

实验6.7 切除大鼠双侧肾上腺的抗炎实验123

实验6.8 溶酶体酶活性的测定124

实验6.9　TXB2的放射免疫测定125

实验6.10 白细胞糖皮质激素受体的测定126

第七章　化学治疗药物实验128

一、抗菌药实验128

实验7.1 诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星及环丙沙星的体外抗菌131

实验7.2 诺氟沙星对小鼠体内感染的保护性实验133

二、抗肿瘤药物实验134

实验7.3 抗肿瘤药的美蓝试管法初筛135

实验7.4　5-FU对小鼠肉瘤S180的实验治疗136

实验7.5 小鼠（裸鼠）肾被膜下人癌细胞移植法138

第八章　避孕药实验140

实验8.1 炔诺酮的抗排卵作用（交配法）141

第九章　抗衰老药物实验143

一、遗传学方面143

实验9.1 果蝇寿命试验143

二、自由基学说方面144

实验9.2 过氧化脂质的测定144

实验9.3 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）测定方法145

三、对免疫功能的影响147

实验9.4 免疫器官重量法147

实验9.5 单核吞噬细胞功能测定法147

四、对应激能力的影响148

实验9.6 小鼠耐缺氧实验149

实验9.7 小鼠耐寒实验149

实验9.8 小鼠游泳实验150

五、对中区神经系统方面的作用150

实验9.9 单胺氧化酶-B活性测定151

第十章　细胞培养技术在药理学研究中的应用152

实验10.1 神经细胞的培养152

实验10.2 大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞的培养153

实验10.3 原代细胞的传代培养方法154

实验10.4 细胞的冻存155

实验10.5　PC12细胞的复苏和培养156

实验10.6 粉防己碱对培养大鼠脑皮层神经元损伤的保护作用157

实验10.7 环孢素A对大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞内罗丹明123摄取的影响158

实验10.8 硝苯地平对高钾引起的PC12细胞内钙升高的影响159

实验10.9 原代乳鼠心肌细胞培养方法160

实验10.10 牛胸主动脉内皮细胞的原代培养162

第十一章　药物的安全性评价163

一、药物的毒性试验163

实验11.1 普鲁卡因急性LD50测定163

实验11.2 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌致突变试验177

实验11.3 小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验182

二、制剂的安全限度试验185

实验11.4 热原试验186

实验11.5 刺激性试验188

实验11.7 降压物质试验189

实验11.8 溶血性试验191

英文部分195

Chapter 1 Basic knowledge and techniques in pharmacological experiments195

Ⅰ．Aim and objective of pharmacological experiments195

Ⅱ．How to handle and administer drugs to Animals196

Experment 1.1 How to handle and administer drugs to mice196

Experment 1.2 How to handle and administer drugs to rats198

Experiment 1.3 How to handle and administer drugs to rabbits199

Experiment 1.4 How to handle and administer drugs to dogs201

Ⅲ．Anesthesia of animals widely used in experiment202

Ⅳ．How to collect blood from experimental animals205

Chapter 2 Experiments related to Introduction of Pharmacology211

Ⅰ．The Effect of Drugs on the Body211

Experiment 2.1 The local and systemic action of drugs211

Experiment 2.2 Indirect Effect of Drugs213

Ⅱ．The Effect of the Body on Drug214

Experiment 2.3 Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of BSP214

Experiment 2.4 Measurement of plasma-protein binding rate216

Ⅲ．Factors that influence drug action218

Experiment 2.5 Factors affecting drug action218

Chapter 3 Experiments of Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System221

Ⅰ．Experiment of general anethetics222

Experiment 3.1 Activity determination of volatile fluid anesthetics222

Ⅱ Experiment of sedatives and hypnotics224

Experiment 3.2 Comparison of the actions of barbiturates224

Experiment 3.2 Synergism of sedatives and hypnotics and their antagonistic actions to central stimulants225

Experiment 3.4 Effect of drugs on spontaneous activity of animals227

Ⅲ Experiment of antiepileptics and anticonvulsants228

Experiment 3.5 Effects of drugs on electric shock228

Experiment 3.6 The effect of drug on convulsion produced by central stimulants230

Ⅳ．Experiment of antipsychotics231

Experiment 3.7 Tranquilizing effect of chlorpromazine231

Experiment 3.8 Effects of ehlorpromazine on the tolerance of hypoxia in mice233

Ⅴ．Experiments of analogesics234

Experiment 3.9(A) Analgesic action of drugs(The hot plate method)234

Experiment 3.9(B) Analgesic action of drugs(The chemical irritation method)236

Ⅵ．Experiments of central stimulants238

Experiment 3.10 Comparison of convulsive type and site of action of strychnine and picrotoxin238

Experiment 3.11 The antagonistic effect of nikethamide on the depression of respiration by morphine240

Experiment 3.12 The promotive effect of nimodipine on acquired memory of mouse241

Chapter 4 Experiments of Drugs Affecting the Peripheral Efferent Nervous System244

Experiment 4.1 Effects of drugs affecting the peripheral efferent nervous system on blood pressure,intestinal movement and gland secretion in anesthetized dog245

Experiment 4.2 Effects of drugs on the isolated aorta strip of rabbit248

Experiment 4.3 Effects of drugs on isolated intestine249

Experiment 4.4 Effects of drugs on in-vivo spermaduct controlled by hypogastric nerve in guinea pig251

Experiment 4.5 Acute intoxication by organophosphate compounds and its treatment253

Experiment 4.6 Comparison of surface anesthetic action of procaine and tetracaine255

Chapter 5 Experiments of drugs affecting the splanchnic system258

Ⅰ．Experiments of drugs used for cardiac insufficiency259

Experiment 5.1 Effect of cardiac glycosides on the isolated heart of frog260

Experiment 5.2 Effects of drugs on the contraction and relaxation of isolated papillary muscles262

Experiment 5.3 Effects of drugs on left heart function and hemodynamics of rat265

Experiment 5.4 Determinations of the effects of drugs on cardiac blood-pumping function by cardioimpedance method267

Ⅱ．Experiments of Antiarrhythmic Drugs271

Experiment 5.5 The antagonistic effects of quinidine on aconitine-induced arrhythmia in rat272

Experiment 5.6 The effect of drug on the threshold of ventricular fibrillation induced by electric stimulation in rabbit273

Experiment 5.7 The therapeutic effect of lidocaine on arrhythmia induced by barium chloride in rat276

Experiment 5.8 The antagonistic effect of lidocaine on arrhythmia induced by ouabain277

Experiment 5.9 The inhibitory effects of drugs on arrhythmia caused by ischemia-reperfusion in rat279

Experiment 5.10 The effect of drug on effective refractory period and contractility of in vitro atrial muscle282

Ⅲ．Experiments of Anti-myocardial ischemic Drugs284

Experiment 5.11 Myocardial infarction caused by ligaturing coronary artery of rabbit285

Experiment 5.12 The effects of drugs on myocardial contractility and coronary blood flow of in vitro heart of guinea pig288

Experiment 5.13 Measurement of area of myocardial infarction by nitro-blue tetrazolium staining290

Experiment 5.14 The effects of Dan-Shen parenteral solution on myocardial ischemia of rabbit induced by pituitrin292

Experiment 5.15 Measurement of blood fat294

Ⅳ．Experiments of antihypertensives298

Experiment 5.16 Analysis of the mechanism of hypotensive action of hexamethonium300

Experiment 5.17 Vascular perfusion of isolated ear of rabbit302

Experiment 5.18 The establishment of hypertension models caused by stenosis of renal artery in rats304

Ⅴ．Diuretics and Dehydrating agents306

Experiment 5.19 The diuretic effect of furosemide and hypertonic glucose on anesthetized rabbit307

Experiment 5.20 The diuretic action of hydrochlorothiazide on rat310

Experiment 5.21 Assay of sodium,potassium and chlorine ion in urine313

Ⅵ．Experiments of antitussive,expectorant and antiasthmatic agents315

Experiment 5.22 The antitussive effect of codeine on mice coughing induced by ammonia water317

Experiment 5.23 The antitussive effect of codeine on coughing induced by electric stimulation on superior laryngeal nerve of cat320

Experiment 5.24 The effect of Siberian milkwort root decoction on phenolsulfonphthalein secretion of mice's bronchus322

Experiment 5.25 The Antiasthmatic effect of Aminophylline on asthma stimulated by histamine-acetycholine324

Experiment 5.26 Effect of drugs on isolated guinea pig trachea326

Ⅶ Experiments of Drugs affecting Digestive System328

Experiment 5.27 The effect of drugs on gastrointestinal movement329

Experiment 5.28 Prevention and treatment function of drug on experimental gastric ulcer330

Experiment 5.29 The cholagogic function of dehydrocholic acid on rat332

Ⅷ The experiments of coagulants and anticoagulants333

Experiment 5.30 Anticoagulant action of drugs in vitro335

Experiment 5.31 Action of drug on promoting coagulation337

Ⅸ Platelet inhibitors338

Experiment 5.32 Determining method of platelet adhesiveness339

Experiment 5.33 Determining method of platelet aggregation341

Experiment 5.34 Thrombus formation with arteriovenous shunt in rat344

Experiment 5.35 Bioassay of platelet formatting thromboxan A2345

Experiment 5.36 The competitive antagonistic effect of diphenhydra mine on histamine and the measurement of pA2347

Chapter 6 Experiments of anti-inflammatory drugs351

Experiment 6.1 Effect on Intraabdominal capillary permeability of mouse by injection of hydrocortisone351

Experiment 6.2 Effect of indomethacin on auricular tumescence induced by croton oil in mice353

Experiment 6.3 Effect of indomethacin on tumescence produced in the hind paw of the rat by injecting carragheenin354

Experiment 6.4 Effect of dexamethasone on the rat's granuloma356

Experiment 6.5 Effect of drugs on the experimental pleuritis357

Experiment 6.6 Effect of drugs on immune inflammation358

Experiment 6.7 Anti-inflammatory experiment related to excision of the rat's bilateral adrenal gland359

Experiment 6.8 Determination of the enzyme activity of lysosome360

Experiment 6.9 Radioimmunoassay of TXB2361

Experiment 6.10 Determination of the Leukocyte-Glucocorticoid receptor363

Chapter 7 Experiments of chemotherapeutic drugs365

Ⅰ．Antibacterial experiment365

Experiment 7.1 Assay the antibacterial activity in vitro of norfloxacin,ofloxacin,and cinrofloxacin369

Experiment 7.2 The protective test of norfloxacin on in vivo infection of mice372

Ⅱ．Experiments of antitumor drugs373

Experiment 7.3 Methylene blue tube method of screening anti-tumor drug primarily374

Experiment 7.4 Therapeutic effect of 5-FU on mice sarcoma S180376

Experiment 7.5 Human cancer's grafting under kidney capsule of mice(nude mouse)378

Chapter 8 Experiments of contraceptives380

Experiment 8.1 Anti-ovulation effect of norethisterone(copulation method)382

Chapter 9 Experiments of anti-aging drugs384

Ⅰ．Genetic theory384

Experiment 9.1 Longevity test of drosophila384

Ⅱ．Free radical theory386

Experiment 9.2 The determination of lipid peroxide386

Experiment 9.3 The assay to determine superoxide dismutase(SOD)387

Ⅲ．Effects of drugs on immunological function389

Experiment 9.4 The Assay To Weigh The Immune Organs389

Experiment 9.5 The Assay To Determine Function Of The Mononuclear Phagocytes390

Ⅳ．Drug's effect on stress392

Experiment 9.6 Hypoxia tolerance test of mice392

Experiment 9.7 The Cold-resistant Test of Mice393

Experiment 9.8 The Swimming Test of Mice394

Ⅴ．The effects on the central nervous system395

Experiment 9.9 The Test Of The Activity Of The Monoamine oxidase-B395

Chapter 10 Application of cell culture technology in pharmacological research397

Experiment 10.1 Nerve cell culture398

Experiment 10.2 Culture of endothelial cells of cerebral microvessels of rat399

Experiment 10.3 Subculture of primary cultured cells400

Experiment 10.4 Method of frozen storage of cells401

Experiment 10.5 Revivification and culture of PC 12 cell strain403

Experiment 10.6 Protective effect of Tetrandrine on neuronal injury of cultured cortical neurons of rat brain404

Experiment 10.7 Effect of cyclosporin A on uptaking Rhodamine 123 in cultured endothelial cells of cerebral micravessel of rats405

Experiment 10.8 Effect of nifedipine on elevation of PC12 intracellular calcium induced by hyperkalemia407

Experiment 10.9 Culture of bovine aortic endothelial cell409

Experiment 10.10 Primary Cultures of Cardiac myocytes in Neonatal Rat410

Experiment 10.11 Culture of bovine aortic endothelial cell412

Chapter 11 Evaluation of drug safety414

Ⅰ．Drug toxicity test414

Experiment 11.1 LD50 determination of Procaine414

Experiment 11.2 Mutagenicity Assay of Rat Salmonella Typhimurium430

Experiment 11.3 Bone marrow's polychromatic erythrocytes micronucleus test of mice438

Ⅱ．Safety limit of preparation experiment443

Experiment 11.4 Pyrogen Experiment443

Experiment 11.5 Irritation Test446

Experiment 11.6 Hypersensitivity test448

Experiment 11.7 Hypotensive substance test450

Experiment 11.8 Haemolyticus test452