实用普通语言学引论【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

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Chapter one Language and Linguistics1

1.1 What is language?1

1.1.1 Design features of human language3

1.1.2 Functions of language6

1.1.3 Origin of language7

1.2 What is linguistics?8

1.2.1 Fundamental distinctions in linguistics8

1.2.2 Scope of linguistics11

1.2.3 Characteristics of modern linguistics12

Study Questions:12

Chapter Two Phonetics15

2.1 Speech sounds15

2.1.1 Sound segments15

2.1.2 Transcription of speech sounds15

2.2 Division of phonetics16

2.3 Classification and description of speech sounds17

2.3.1 Voicing17

2.3.2 Classification and description of English consonants18

2.3.3 Classification and description of vowels22

2.3.4 Natural classes of speech sounds24

Study Questions:25

Chapter Three Phonology28

3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns28

3.2 Phonemes,phones and allophones28

3.3 Discovering phonemes30

3.3.1 Minimal pairs and sets30

3.3.2 Contrastive distribution30

3.3.3 Complementary distribution31

3.3.4 Free variation31

3.3.5 The discovery procedure31

3.4 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features32

3.5 Phonological rules33

3.6 Syllables and clusters33

3.7 Prosodic phonology and suprasegmental phonology34

Study questions:36

Chapter Four Morphology39

4.1 Morphemes39

4.1.1 Morpheme,morph and allomorph39

4.1.2 Classification of morphemes40

4.2 Morphological process of word-formation44

4.2.1 Compounding45

4.2.2 Derivation46

4.2.3 Conversion46

4.2.4 Other ways of word-formation47

Study questions:49

Chapter Five Syntax—Sentence patterns51

5.1 The traditional approach52

5.2 The structural approach53

5.3 The generative approach55

5.3.1 Tenets of generative grammar56

5.3.2 Generative approach59

5.4 Functional approach70

5.4.1 Systemic grammar71

5.4.2 Functional grammar74

Study questions:78

Chapter Six Semantics80

6.1 The meaning of'meaning'80

6.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning81

6.2.1 The naming theory81

6.2.2 The conceptualist view81

6.2.3 Contextualism82

6.2.4．Behaviorism83

6.3 The study of lexical meaning83

6.3.1 Sense and reference83

6.3.2 Classification of lexical meanings84

6.3.3 Lexical Sense relations85

6.3.4 Componential analysis of meaning88

6.3.5 Prototype theory89

6.4 The study of sentence meaning89

6.4.1 Sense relations between sentences89

6.4.2 The analysis of Sentence meaning91

Study questions:96

Chapter Seven Discourse Analysis99

7.1 Historical development of discourse analysis99

7.2 Definition of discourse analysis100

7.3 Basic framework for the study of discourse101

7.3.1 Language as system and as activity101

7.3.2 Language use with purpose and function103

7.3.3 Language in situation104

7.4 Cohesion107

7.4.1 Reference108

7.4.2 Ellipsis110

7.4.3 Conjunction110

7.4.4 Lexical cohesion111

7.5 Coherence111

7.6 Schema Theory112

Study questions:114

Chapter Eight Pragmatics116

8.1 What is pragmatics?116

8.1.1 Context116

8.1.2 Scope of pragmatics117

8.2 Deixis118

8.2.1 Defining deixis118

8.2.2 Types of deixis119

8.3 Conversational analysis119

8.3.1 Conversational implicature120

8.3.2 Conversational principles122

8.4 Speech act theory123

8.5 Presuppositions126

8.6 Politeness Principle(PP)126

8.7 Communication and relevance129

8.8 Conversation analysis130

Study questions:133

Chapter Nine Language Culture and Society136

9.1 Relationship between language and culture136

9.1.1 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis138

9.1.2 Culture in language teaching classroom140

9.2 Language and society140

9.2.1 Relationship between language and society140

9.2.2 About sociolinguistics142

9.2.3 Some basic methodological concern143

9.2.4 Sociolects144

9.2.5 Idiolect148

9.2.6 Style,register and jargon148

Study questions:150

Bibliography152